The present study was conducted to investigate the role of love of sport on volunteers' satisfaction with Sporting Events. The research method was descriptive-analytical, which was done by the field method. Statistical population of the study was consisted of all the volunteers participating in the Azerbaijan Cycling Tournament, which included 50 people. All the statistical population was identified as the research sample due to low volume of the statistical population, based on the integer sampling method. Finally, 43 collected questionnaires were analyzed. Results of this study showed that, love of sport has a significant effect on satisfaction of volunteers with Sporting Events indicating that love of sport improves satisfaction with volunteerism in Sporting Events. Therefore, to improve satisfaction of the volunteers, Sporting Events should be enhanced by fostering love of sport among the volunteers.

The aim of this study was to compare self-efficacy and its consequences in athletes with successful, unsuccessful and inexperienced experience in a Sporting Event. The statistical population of the study consisted of women police officers who regularly participated in sports activities and three groups of 25 people were compared with each other: G1. Experienced and succeeded in Sporting a police skill competition sport Event; G2, experienced this Event, but did not succeed; The G3 did not experience the Event and only had relatively complete information about the tournament. In terms of other characteristics, there was the highest similarity (age, education and degree) between these three groups. Data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha 0.83) and analyzed by SPSS software and Kruskal-Wallis test. The study showed that there is a significant difference between the three groups of inexperienced, successful and unsuccessful athletes in terms of self-efficacy and the two consequences of "self-expectation" and "goal management" and in all these variables, the average of experienced people Successful more than people with unsuccessful experience and this group is more than people without experience. Therefore, experiencing a Sporting Event, even if it is not successful, can enhance self-efficacy and its consequences more than avoiding the experience.

Schadenfreude has been defined as the enjoyment of others’ misery; a kind of happiness from malice, which one acquires when one learns that others are lucky or experiencing a setback. The purpose of this study was to analyze the experiences of Sulaymaniyah football team fans regarding the theory of happiness from the Erbil team's discomfort in Iraq. An interview was conducted with the fans who had lived experiences (N = 18) and the data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings showed that several factors affect schadenfreude, such as political and governmental problems, managerial weaknesses of responsible people, past problems, and discrimination between teams. The findings extend the theory of social identity theory. According to the results, the managers of the teams and the officials of the Kurdistan Region in Iraq can provide the ground for reducing the happiness of the opponent's team with proper management and non-partisanship of the teams. Research in the field of schadenfreude can reduce the problems of advocacy and the wrong decisions of managers and officials and contribute to equality in this field.

The purpose of the present study was to provide a Conceptual Model for Sporting Events in Iran. The research methodology was performed in terms of quality, process strategy and the objective was applied. The statistical population was selected to consist of human community 1. Senior sport managers and experts in sport management and sport tourism, and 2. University professors in sport management and marketing. The statistical sample was sampled and questioned in a number of capability-based theoretical saturated content (23 and 61 documents). Based on theoretical saturation and you will be considered. Research tools included systematic library study and the exploratory interview structure. The validity of tools using qualitative narrative methods was evaluated at a desirable level. The method of conceptual coding and frameworks were used for analyze the data according Corbin and Strauss approach. The conceptual framework for Sporting Events in Iran includes eight general areas: Event characteristics, Event brand capability, Event branding, Event marketing, Event innovation, Event brand performance, Event competitive advantage and Event brand value. The conceptual model derived from the code framework was mapped as a process system from Event attribute and Event brand capability to Event brand value. The framework presented in this research provides an understanding of the dimensions of the Event brand based on its relation to a set of Event activities. Based on this framework, it can provide an objective assessment of the level of management activities at each Sporting Event and provide scientific information on the appropriate actions that sports organizations must take to branding.

The research purpose was to look into the effectiveness of hypnosis on Sporting performance of futsal players, our sample comprised 14 futsal players drawn from a larger sample of twenty four players aged 20-27. The mentioned group had been selected through simple random sampling and grouped into experiment and control groups. The experiment group was then provided with seven thirty-minute sessions on enhancing mental imagery, brain visualization, deeper concentration and relaxation in order to improve Sporting performance (second spot penalty shoot out, constant passing and passing on the move from a distance of twenty meters). It’s worth mentioning that the control group didn’t receive the above-mentioned training programs. The obtained results found supports for a significant between-group difference in the Sporting performance of futsal players with regard to second spot penalty shoot out, constant passing and passing on the move from a distance of twenty meters.

Event studies have found several applications in financial and accounting researches as the standard method to assess the average effect of some types of announcement on stock prices. In a large sample of announcements, Event window length can be standardized (fixed) across observations, because the errors from having too long or too short Event window should have small impact in average by the Law of Large Numbers. But in small samples (in emerging markets) we cannot use this procedure. Here, we examine various potential rules for determining the length of an Event window when looking at limited number of observations. We consider the announcements of adjustment of predicted earnings (by companies) in Tehran Stock Exchange during 1386 to 1388. To determining the length of time period affecting the market, tree methods are used. We also examine the relationship between the length of Event window and the amount of unexpected earnings.